Impacto de un programa de promoción de la salud nutricional y ambiente alimentario escolar en escuelas primarias públicas / the impact of a nutritional health and school food environment promotion program in public elementary schools

INTRODUCCIÓN: Los programas de prevención de obesidad infantil que incluyen al ambiente escolar y se apoyan en políticas públicas que promueven ambientes saludables, presentan mayores oportunidades de éxito. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el impacto de un Programa de Educación Nutricional (PREN), considerando el ambiente alimentario escolar (AAE) y del hogar. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se identificaron los factores que influyen en las conductas alimentarias y se evaluó el estado nutricional de niños de 13 escuelas primarias púbicas en la ciudad de Hermosillo, en el noroeste de México, antes y después del PREN (2014-2016). RESULTADOS: Uno de cada 4 escolares participantes presentó sobrepeso u obesidad. Más de la mitad de las escuelas no siguieron las regulaciones oficiales en la oferta de alimentos; aun así, la respuesta de los padres de familia permitió la reducción del consumo de energía total en las comidas y colaciones en casa. Después de la implementación y evaluación del PREN, el AAE fue la principal barrera para la promoción de estilos de vida saludables. DISCUSIÓN: Se concluye que para enfrentar el ambiente obesogénico actual, es necesario un mayor compromiso de autoridades a través del fomento de estrategias reguladoras del ambiente escolar que propicien elecciones alimentarias saludables y el aumento de la actividad física en el entorno escolar. (AU)

INTRODUCTION: Keys to preventing childhood obesity include implementing prevention programs in schools and the presence of policies that promote healthy environments. The objective of this study was to assess the to evaluate the impact of a nutrition education program (NEP), while considering the school food environment (SFE) and home. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We identified factors that influence eating behavior and evaluated the nutritional status of children from 13 public elementary schools in the city of Hermosillo, in northeast Mexico, before and after the NEP. RESULTS:One in every four participating students were overweight or obese. Over half of the schools do not follow official regulations about which food should be offered; even so, the parents' response permitted the reduction of the total energy consumption through the meals and snacks at home. After the implementation and evaluation of the NEP, SFE was found to be the main barrier to the promotion of healthy lifestyles. DISCUSSION: To address the current obesogenic environment, a greater commitment of authorities is needed through the promotion of regulatory strategies in school set-tings that support healthy food choices and increased physical activity. (AU)

Agribusiness, Corporate Social Responsibility, and Health of Agricultural Migrant Workers.

BACKGROUND: Living conditions and health of migrant farmworkers could benefit from a health promotion model based on corporate social responsibility (CSR). OBJECTIVE: To understand how Mexican agribusiness owners and general managers view and practice CSR. METHODS: We interviewed 8 agribusiness owners/managers and 233 farmworkers using open-ended interviews and gathered anthropometrical data of 133 children from farmworkers families. To guide our analysis and discussion, we followed the two-dimension model of CSR proposed by Quazi and O'Brien. RESULTS: According to interviewee responses, mean percentage of agreement with CSR concept was 77.4%, with a range of 54-85.7%. Main health-related issues among farmworkers were infectious diseases, crowding, and access to health-care services; there were acute cases of undernutrition among farmworkers' children and diets were of poor quality. DISCUSSION: Agribusiness owners and managers understand and practice CSR according to a wide and modern view, which contradicts with farmworkers' living conditions and health. Quazi and O'Brien model should consider the social context, in which it is analyzed, and the social manifestations of community development as a tool for further analysis on the perceptions and actions of entrepreneurs.

Smile characteristics in children with normal occlusion / Características de la sonrisa en niños con normoclusión / Características de la sonrisa en niños con normoclusión

ABSTRACT. Introduction: in assessing children's smile, a gingival smile is usually accepted as normal, but there is no scientific evidence to support this statement. The goal of this research project was to describe the structural characteristics of posed unforced smile in children with normal occlusion in deciduous and mixed dentition. Methods: a cross-sectional study in 122 children aged 3 to 12 years with normal occlusion. Each kid was recorded a video clip and taken a photogram in unforced posed smile, which was used to quantify and describe smile variables. These variables were compared by gender and dentition type: the quantitative variables were analyzed with one-way ANOVA test and Student's t test, and the qualitative variables with Pearson's chi-squared test, using a significance level of 0.05. Results: the soft tissues evaluated in smile showed significant differences between deciduous dentition / early mixed dentition and silent mixed dentition / late dentition. These values were lower in females. There was a prevalence of high smile in deciduous dentition and early mixed dentition, and medium smile in silent mixed dentition and late mixed dentition. 89.3% of children had a matching smile arch. The smile rate was proportional among the dentition stages evaluated and between males and females. Conclusions: the high smile is predominant among child patients in early deciduous dentition and mixed dentition, and gingival exposure reduces as kids grow.

RESUMEN. Introducción: al valorar la sonrisa en niños se acepta como normal una sonrisa gingival, pero no se cuenta con evidencia científica que sustente esta afirmación. El objetivo de esta investigación fue describir las características estructurales de la sonrisa posada no forzada en niños con normoclusión, en dentición decidua y mixta. Métodos: estudio transversal realizado en 122 niños entre tres y 12 años con normoclusión. A cada uno se le realizó un video clip y se le extrajo un fotograma en sonrisa posada no forzada, sobre el cual se cuantificaron y describieron las variables de la sonrisa. Se compararon estas variables por género y tipo de dentición: las cuantitativas con la prueba ANOVA de una vía y t de Student y las cualitativas con el x2 de Pearson. Se asumió un nivel de significancia del 0,05. Resultados: los tejidos blandos evaluados en sonrisa presentaron diferencias significativas entre las denticiones decidua y mixta inicial, y las denticiones mixta silente y tardía; estas medidas fueron menores en mujeres. Hubo un predominio de sonrisa alta en dentición decidua y mixta inicial, y sonrisa media en dentición mixta silente y mixta tardía. El 89,3% de los niños presentaron arco de sonrisa coincidente. El índice de la sonrisa fue proporcional entre los estadios de dentición evaluados y entre hombres y mujeres. Conclusiones: se observó que la línea de sonrisa alta predominó en pacientes niños en dentición decidua y mixta inicial y que la exposición de encía se reduce conforme el niño crece.

RESUMEN. Introducción: al valorar la sonrisa en niños se acepta como normal una sonrisa gingival, pero no se cuenta con evidencia científica que sustente esta afirmación. El objetivo de esta investigación fue describir las características estructurales de la sonrisa posada no forzada en niños con normoclusión, en dentición decidua y mixta. Métodos: estudio transversal realizado en 122 niños entre tres y 12 años con normoclusión. A cada uno se le realizó un video clip y se le extrajo un fotograma en sonrisa posada no forzada, sobre el cual se cuantificaron y describieron las variables de la sonrisa. Se compararon estas variables por género y tipo de dentición: las cuantitativas con la prueba ANOVA de una vía y t de Student y las cualitativas con el x2 de Pearson. Se asumió un nivel de significancia del 0,05. Resultados: los tejidos blandos evaluados en sonrisa presentaron diferencias significativas entre las denticiones decidua y mixta inicial, y las denticiones mixta silente y tardía; estas medidas fueron menores en mujeres. Hubo un predominio de sonrisa alta en dentición decidua y mixta inicial, y sonrisa media en dentición mixta silente y mixta tardía. El 89,3% de los niños presentaron arco de sonrisa coincidente. El índice de la sonrisa fue proporcional entre los estadios de dentición evaluados y entre hombres y mujeres. Conclusiones: se observó que la línea de sonrisa alta predominó en pacientes niños en dentición decidua y mixta inicial y que la exposición de encía se reduce conforme el niño crece.

PPARγ2 Pro12Ala polymorphism is associated with improved lipoprotein lipase functioning in adipose tissue of insulin resistant obese women.

Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) plays a pivotal role in lipid metabolism, contributes to metabolic disorders related to insulin action and body weight regulation, and is influenced by inflammation. The Pro12Ala polymorphism of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ2 gene seems to influence LPL functioning, but its role in obesity and insulin resistance status, which usually coexist in the clinical setting, has not been explored. Our aim was to analyze the association of obesity and insulin resistance with adipose LPL activity and expression, and the influence of the PPARγ2 Pro12Ala polymorphism. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 58 reproductive-age women who underwent elective abdominal surgery. Free-fatty acids, glucose, insulin, and selected adipokines were measured in fasting blood samples. DNA was isolated and the polymorphism genotyped. Biopsies of abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue obtained during surgery were used to determine enzymatic LPL activity and expression; and expression of selected cytokines. Overweight/obese women presented lower LPL activity (P=0.022) and higher circulating TNF-α (P=0.020) than controls. Insulin resistant women also showed borderline lower LPL activity than non-resistant (P=0.052), but adiposity and inflammatory molecules were comparable. Nevertheless, LPL activity was higher in Pro12Ala carriers than in non-carriers after adjusting for obesity, insulin resistance and inflammation. Likewise, adipose LPL expression was increased in carriers while expression of cytokines was decreased. Our data suggest that insulin resistance is associated with low adipose LPL activity independently of obesity, but the PPARγ2 Pro12Ala polymorphism seems to protect the LPL functioning of obese insulin resistant women, likely through regulating inflammation in adipose tissue.

The US/Mexico border: a binational approach to framing challenges and constructing solutions for improving farmworkers' lives.

Mexican migrant and seasonal farmworkers in the US-Mexico border region face health hazards and occupational risks and are becoming commonly known in the public health literature. According to several studies, farmworkers have high levels of chronic diseases such as diabetes and respiratory problems, are at risk for infectious diseases, and experience among the highest incidences of work-related injuries of any profession. The findings from two studies are considered and presented with the objective of contributing to an overall understanding of migrant farmworkers as a workforce moving across national boundaries and affected by the work environments and health stressors both shared and unique to each context. We propose a binational approach to comprehensively address the health problems and socioeconomic challenges faced by migrant and seasonal farmworkers. In this paper we present the results of two distinct but complementary studies of farmworker health on the Arizona-Sonora border.

Migration, agribusiness and nutritional status of children under five in Northwest Mexico.

The aim of this study was to examine the nutritional status of children of Mexican migrant worker families under five years of age within the context of global food markets. The sample included 404 children less than five years old from farms and agricultural communities in northwest Mexico. Prevalence of stunting and underweight of children appeared very similar to that of indigenous children from the national sample survey (difference 0.9 and 1.6 percentage points, respectively). Compared to the national sample of Mexican children, stunting and underweight seemed higher in migrant children (difference 17.7 and 4.5 percentage points, respectively), but wasting, an indicator of both chronic and acute undernutrition, appeared to indicate a process of nutritional recuperation. Migrant children living in poverty and suffering from chronic undernutrition, poor performance and scarce education opportunities, can be expected to eventually become agricultural workers with low productivity and poor general health. Consumer's demands on social and environmental standards of fresh food production in developed countries could be an opportunity to impact the lives of migrant agricultural workers, their families and communities.

[Total content and dialyzable iron and zinc in foods from northern and Southern Mexico]. / Contenido total y disponibilidad in vitro de hierro y zinc en alimentos de mayor consumo en Sonora y Oaxaca, México.

Developing countries diets are based on a variety of plant foods that often are the main suppliers of important amounts of iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn). The objectives of this study were 1) to measure the total and dialyzable amounts of Fe and Zn in foods from Northern Mexico (Sonora) and from Southern Mexico (Oaxaca) and 2) to evaluate the effect of meat content of diets on the dialyzable amount of Fe and Zn. Methods to calculate the total dialyzable amount of Fe and Zn, were those of the AOAC and of Shen et al. Total Fe in e northern Mexican foods went from 0.78 +/- 0.0 to 11.59 +/- to 0.03 mg/ 100g (dry weight, DW); in southern Mexican foods the same micronutrient amounts were 0.86 +/- 0.18 to 8.8 +/- 0.57 mg/100 g (BS). Total Zn values were 0.91 +/- 0.00 to 13.58 +/- 0.05 mg/100 g (DW) in Sonora, and 0.64 +/- 0.18 to 20.80 +/- 0.33 mg/100 g (DW) in Oaxaca. In northern Mexico, foods dialyzable Fe had values from 0.1 +/- 0.04% to 10.6 +/- 0.36% and for Zn from 4.0 +/- 0.21% to 55.32 +/- 0.14%. Meanwhile, the range of values of dialyzable Fe for foods from Oaxaca were from 0.22 +/- 0.06% to 9.40 +/- 0.14% for and from 2.41 +/- 0.26% to 54.27 +/- 1.49% for dialyzable Zn. The average value for dialyzable Fe was higher in the foods that contained meat or meat products (p= 0.001).

Contenido total y disponibilidad in vitro de hierro y zinc en alimentos de mayor consumo en Sonora y Oaxaca México / Total content and dialyzable iron and zinc in foods from Northern and Southern Mexico

La dieta en países en vías de desarrollo está constituida por cereales y legumbres que si bien aportan cantidades importantes de hierro (Fe) y zinc (Zn), resultan ser minerales de baja disponibilidad. Los objetivos del presente trabajo fueron: 1) cuantificar el contenido total y dializable de Fe y Zn en alimentos del norte (Sonora) y del sur (Oaxaca) de México; 2) evaluar el efecto de la presencia de carne sobre los valores de Fe y Zn dializables. La cuantificación de Fe y Zn total y dializable se hizo por el método de la AOAC y de Shen et al, respectivamente. Los resultados obtenidos para Fe total en alimentos de Sonora presentaron un rango de 0.78±0.0 a 11.59±0.03 mg/100g (base seca, BS); y en los de Oaxaca de 0.86±0.18 a 8.8±0.57 mg/100g (BS). Para Zn total los valores variaron de 0.91±0.00 a 13.58±0.05 mg/100g (BS) en Sonora y de 0.64±0.18 a 20.80±0.33 mg/100 g (BS) en Oaxaca. En los alimentos de Sonora se tuvieron valores de 0.1±0.04 por ciento a 10.6±0.36 por ciento para Fe dializable y de 4.0±0.21 por ciento a 55.32±0.14 por ciento para Zn dializable. En los de Oaxaca el rango fue de 0.22±0.06 por ciento a 9.40±0.14 por ciento para Fe dializable y de 2.41±0.26 por ciento a 54.27±1.49 por ciento para Zn dializable. Se obtuvo un promedio mayor en el contenido de Fe dializable en los alimentos que contenían carne, respecto a los que no la contenían y entre el frijol pinto y las tortillas de maíz de Sonora respecto al frijol negro y tortillas de maíz rurales de Oaxaca. El contenido de Zn dializable no mostró diferencias significativas entre los alimentos de las dos regiones